CSU, chronic spontaneous urticaria.
a IL-4 and/or IL-13 are also produced by basophils, Th2
cells, and other immune cells.
b IL-4 and/or IL-13 signaling leads to B-cell class switching, IgE
production, and increased FcεRI expression.8
c Mediated via both primary and secondary effects, including B-cell
class switching, immune cell trafficking, cellular infiltration
and/or release of immune mediators via, eg,
IgE/IgG binding (such as basophils and mast cells).
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